Further Information

As described in this review article, magnesium is an essential cofactor in hundreds of enzyme reactions. Low magnesium status has been linked to high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, migraines, depression, and chronic inflammation, whereas sufficient magnesium intake supports cardiovascular health, bone strength, nerve function, and healthy ageing.

A 2025 review emphasises that magnesium deficiency is widespread yet under-recognised. It suggests that improving magnesium intake (e.g., via diet or supplementation) could be a modifiable strategy to reduce the burden of chronic diseases, given magnesium’s broad role in metabolic and neuromuscular health.

This article describes how B-complex vitamins (B₁, B₂, B₃, B₅, B₆, B₇, B₉, B₁₂) act as coenzymes in key metabolic pathways, including energy production and DNA/RNA synthesis, and are crucial for nervous system function. It also describes how deficiencies in B vitamins have been implicated in neurological disorders, anaemia, and other diseases.

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that plays a key role in supporting immune health, energy levels, and cellular repair.

According to an NCI summary for health professionals, IV vitamin C is generally well tolerated and achieves far higher blood levels than oral supplementation. Early studies in cancer patients (though limited in their quality) have reported improved quality of life and reduced side effects from chemotherapy when high-dose IV vitamin C was administered alongside standard cancer treatment.

Outside of cancer care, there is significant interest in the potential role of vitamin C in the treatment of sepsis, critically unwell ICU patients, and metabolic conditions.

Research into IV vitamin C is ongoing. Please follow this link to read about recent research into vitamin C conducted by Otago University.

B12 is essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and nerve function. Deficiency can cause megaloblastic anaemia and irreversible neurological damage. This 2022 review highlights the critical importance of early detection and treatment, particularly in older adults and those with inflammatory bowel conditions, chronic kidney disease, on certain medications, and vegans

Electrolytes regulate nerve conduction, muscle contraction, hydration, and acid-base balance. This article outlines how imbalances (especially in people who are severely depleted) can have serious neurological and cardiovascular consequences.

A 2024 systematic review of 10 randomised trials found NAD+ supplements were well tolerated and showed potential benefits (e.g., reduced fatigue and anxiety, improved sleep quality in chronic fatigue syndrome patients), with only mild, non-serious side effects reported.

However, a 2022 review on NAD+ booster supplements highlights many unknowns about optimal dosing, long-term safety, and efficacy. It calls for further research to determine proper use of NAD+ supplementation for health and aging, given the lack of long-term studies and unclear pharmacokinetics

As described in this 2014 review article, glutathione is a vital antioxidant involved in detoxifying toxins and neutralising free radicals. Low glutathione levels are associated with toxin exposure and various chronic diseases, whereas higher levels correlate with better health and longevity.

Some clinical research suggests oral glutathione supplementation may support liver function, improve metabolic complications (e.g., in diabetes), and enhance immune defense. Trials have generally found it well-tolerated with no serious adverse effects noted.